木焦油污染土壤中微生物特性的空间变异性研究

运用地统计学方法研究了木焦油污染土壤中微生物量、微生物群落结构、微生物活性等的空间变异特征.分别采用26种主要磷脂类脂肪酸(PLFA)的总含量(totPLFA)、PLFA的第一主成分和第二主成分(PLFA PC1和PC2)以及土壤培养过程中CO₂-C的累积释放量(Cre)来表征土壤中的微生物量、微生物群落结构以及微生物活性.结果表明,多数微生物特性指标均存在不同程度的空间自相关性,其半变异函数曲线可用带块金效应的球状模型进行拟合.变量的空间相关距离在2.50～16.60 m之间.PLFA PC1、totPLFA和Cre均具有较强的空间依赖性,其相对结构变差（由结构性因素引起的空间变异）分别为82.3%、79.6%和64.7%,而PLFA PC2 不存在明显的空间依赖性.克立格空间插值图表明,样地中存在几处微生物相对密集分布且代谢活性较高的区域,其中优势微生物菌群是由PLFAs 16:1ω7t,cy17:0,18:1ω7 和cy19:0所表征的革兰氏阴性细菌.土壤中主要污染物多环芳烃含量和空间分布是影响微生物特性空间分布格局的重要因素之一.     

Aspergillus sp.脂肪酶发酵条件优化及酶学性质的研究

作者为了得到一种热稳定性较好的脂肪酶新酶种,通过研究分离白极端环境的Aspergillus sp．的最佳产酶条件及其所产脂肪酶的酶学性质,得出了该菌产酶的最佳发酵条件为：以1％黄豆饼粉为氮源、0．2％玉米淀粉为碳源,1．5％橄榄油为诱导物,起始pH6．0左右。装量10mL（250mL三角瓶。摇瓶转速180r／min）、发酵时间为96h。在最佳发酵条件下可得最大发酵酶活36U/mL。Aspergillus sp．所产的脂肪酶的酶学性质是：最适pH为9．0,在pH5．0—10．0于20℃下放置24h后,残余酶活仍保持在起始酶活的90％以上;该酶的最适温度为50℃,50℃保温60min后仍保留70％以上的酶活。Aspergillus sp．所产脂肪酶的热稳定性较好。     

Relating Species and Community Dynamics in an Heavily Exploited Marine Fish Community

We examined the dynamics of fish species and how they relate to species assemblage coherence in the heavily exploited Georges Bank fish community. Coherence is defined as reduced temporal variability of total assemblage biomass. We assumed that a higher degree of compensation hence coherence occurs within competitively coupled species assemblages; therefore, fisheries may directly alter the dynamics of certain targeted species sizes but assemblage structure will be relatively more stable owing to compensatory interactions. Species-sizes were grouped, based on negative covariance coupling in biomass time series from survey data. Assemblages representing benthic feeders were clearly identified by this method; furthermore, the most heavily exploited species-sizes were decoupled from other species-sizes suggesting that fisheries have diminished their potential to compensate or to be compensated for by competitive interactions. Biomass of species-sizes within known trophic guilds strongly compensated other guild-member biomass fluctuations if the diet of guild members was more specialized. This is an indication that more competitive conditions (more specialization) foster greater compensatory responses between competitors biomass fluctuations.     

苏云金杆菌酪氨酸酶基因转化子黑色素的研究

苏云金杆菌(Bacillusthuringiensis,Bt)是使用广泛的杀虫细菌。将构建的含有嗜麦芽假单胞菌酪氨酸酶基因的重组质粒导入苏云金杆菌体内,使后者获得了稳定产生黑色素的能力。所产黑色素是无定形物质,在大多数有机和无机溶剂中溶解度低或不溶解,在碱性溶液中有较好的溶解性,在中性及弱酸性溶液中溶解度低,pH<4时沉淀;可用过氧化氢或次氯酸钠氧化,也能被银离子或硫化氢还原;含有天然物质中少见的自由基,并能清除由紫外线诱导产生的自由基;能吸收所有波长的光线,在紫外波长下吸收值最大,能有效地保护紫外辐射对蛋白质及DNA等生物大分子物质的损害,具有很强的抗辐射作用。使转化子抗辐射能力显著增强,杀虫活性稳定保持;能抵抗病毒的侵袭,生长旺盛;对畜禽安全。     

桃花水母

介绍了桃花水母的生活习性、形态、生理、分类、分布,讨论了桃花水母的研究意义及经济价值。     

NO是植物应激反应的信号分子

根据NO的性质和可能的产生途径,略述了生物胁迫(病原菌侵害)和干旱胁迫、盐胁迫、极端温度、机械损伤、臭氧和紫外辐射等各种非生物胁迫信号与NO信号分子的偶联及其信号的级联途径,概括了NO可能介导的生物过程,讨论了NO通过其下游信号过程对与细胞的生理影响以及该下游信号过程所涉及到的cGMP、cADPR的产生和NO与其它信号分子(ROS、SA、ABA等)的协同作用,表明胁迫诱导的NO爆发是激发、启动和装备植物细胞的重要信号级联环节,这个环节能使植物细胞处于应激状态,并迅速作出反应,形成一系列适应机制。     

矮牵牛花红色素的研究

研究了矮牵牛花红色素的提取方法,并对色素的性质和稳定性进行了测试。结果表明：0．1mol／L HCI对矮牵牛花红色素的浸出效果最佳;矮牵牛化色素在酸性条件下较为稳定,在碱性溶液中不稳定,并生成不可逆的黄色;同时还讨论了温度、光照、溶剂及Vc对色素稳定性的影响。     

沸石对土壤养分生物有效性和土壤化学性质的影响研究

在花岗岩发育的赤红壤上进行的天然沸石混施化肥的盆栽试验研究结果表明,沸石提高了土壤养分的生物有效性,显著促进玉米的生长,增加玉米的生物量和提高了玉米对N,P,K的吸收量,15N示踪技术表明,沸石处理可以显著提高氮肥的利用率,两造玉米最高的氮肥利用率分别比对照提高28．8％和60．0％,土壤的分析结果表明,沸石处理也可提高土壤阳离子交换量,盐基饱和度和土壤pH值。     

蕨菜多酚氧化酶的酶学性质

研究了蕨菜[Pteridium aquilinum (L．) Kuhn var．latiusculum (Desv．) Underw．]多酚氧化酶的动力学性质,结果表明：以邻苯二酚为底物,该酶最适pH为7．4,最适温度为25℃,60℃以上使酶迅速失活,动力学方程v=619．08[S]/(0．031 [S]),Vc、异Vc钠、NaHSO3、L-Cys可完全抑制酶活性,饱和NaCl能显著抑制酶活性,蔗糖、SDS对酶有激活作用。该酶能催化邻苯二酚、焦性没食子酸氧化,但对焦性没食子酸亲和力更强。     

Fishing Behavior and Decision-Making in an Ecuadorian Community: A Scaled Approach

Debate over how people behave in an open access environment is ongoing in both the social sciences and natural resource management circles. Central to this debate is the question of driving forces behind decisions and behavior toward natural resources within a given area. Using data from an artisanal shrimping community in Ecuador, I demonstrate that behavior in an open access environment, measured in terms of fishing effort, is responsive to both economic and noneconomic factors, the nature of which depends on the temporal scale at which behavior is being measured—hourly, daily, or amount of gear over time. These findings suggest that much of the observed variation between previous studies and corresponding data sets may be a methodological artifact, and the ensuing debates ultimately a result of different methodologies and scales of analyses.